INTRODUCTION:
Cyperus scariosus is a small grass like herb with angular soft stem and underground rhizomatous tuber. (Bhawna et al., 2013). It is an important medicinal plant in Indian systems of medicine. It is indicated for inflammatory conditions of joints (ayushvedah.com). The rhizomes are used as traditional folk medicine for the treatment of stomach and bowel disorders and inflammatory diseases (Meena et al., 2010, Bhatnagar 2019, ayushvedah.com).
Tuber are eaten raw or cooked, yielding starch and an essential oil, used for making alkyd resin, shampoo and soaps. Dried tubers are used for manufacturing of perfumes and agarbatties. (Bhatnagar 2019). Traditional herbal medicine is used widely as analgesic, sedative, antispasmodic, antimalarial, stomach disorders and to relieve diarrhea. (Zhu et al., 1997). Infusion of this herb has been used in pain, fever, diarrhea, dysentery and emmenagogue and other intestinal problems (Vidal et al., 1963, Uddin et al.,2006, Umerie et al.,2000, Meena et al., 2010,).
Cyperaceae family has approximately 5500 species distributed in about 109 genera. These species are widely distributed, with the centers of diversity for the group occurring in tropical Asia and tropical South America (Sultana et al., 2013). It is a root crop, which is grown widely in wet places as a grass and is sometimes cultivated for its small and sweet edible tubers (ayushvedah.com). Essential oil was recorded as 0.15% in U.P and 0.21% in rhizomes in M.P. (Dubey et al., 2011)
This plant largely grows in Madhya Pradesh. It occurs naturally in Katni, Panna, Jabalpur, Sagar, Shivpuri, Sheopur, Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh, Mandla, Balaghat, Seoni, Dindori, Chhindwara, Betul, Shahdol, Umaria, Sidhi, Satna, Rewa, Alirajpur, Niwadi districts (Bhatnagar 2015 and MP MFP, 2005-06).
The Nagarmotha plant is typically found along riverbanks, streams, and ponds. Collectors commence root collection in November, when water flow decreases. They use pickaxes to extract the roots, which are then sun-dried for 1 or 2 days. Following drying, they are burnt to eliminate residual rootlets (Bhatnagar, 2017).
METHODOLOGY:
The secondary data on wholesale market rates were collected from the database of Market Information Service (MIS) project which undertakes quarterly market surveys in selected markets where Nagarmotha roots occur in good quantity. Quarterly price data was averaged out to find the prevailing rates in different markets (Bhatnagar 2015). Variations in prices for the period 2010-2021 were also studied.
Price analysis:
The main aim of the study was to analyse price trends and to identify variations and long term market patterns. Market surveys were done at regional and district level markets and price data was collected over a period of 12 years from various markets ranging from regional to district level. These prices were collected on a quarterly basis. The prices used for study are wholesale market rates. The price trend graphs were drawn for each market. The criteria for assessing the price trend given below:
|
Annual Price change (in percentage) |
Price trend |
|
decrease |
Declining |
|
1-15% |
low |
|
16-30 % |
Moderate |
|
31-51 % |
High |
|
above 51 % |
Very high |
To analyse price trends with a view to understand the pattern of growth, stability or decline of the species, price growth rate was calculated in percent.
Simple linear regression analysis was done with one independent variable and one dependent variable to find the direction of trend. In this study, the variables which were taken are the wholesale price of Nagarmotha dry root as an independent variable ‘x’ and the yearly period as a dependent variable ‘y’. Thus, simple linear regression expressed as y = a + bx, where ‘a’ is the coefficient, ‘b’ is the intercept ‘I’, ‘x’ is the variable and ‘y’ is the predicted concentration. To assess the extent of year-to-year price variation in different markets, a coefficient of price variation has been calculated. Statistical analysis of results were done using MS excel. A sample of traders were interviewed to understand the present trade of Nagarmotha dry root.
Market prices were compiled from 2010 to 2021. This data of regional and district level markets was (2010-2021) analysed with the following assumptions.
· Prices of medicinal plants have seasonal variations, hence for the purpose of present study the average price prevailing in the market during the year has been taken.
· The market prices were deflated using the wholesale Price Index. This adjusted the inflation during the year.
The analysis framework included factors affecting Nagarmotha dry root prices across different markets, the geographical variations on prices.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION:
Table 1 presents a statistical analysis of average prices from 2010 to 2014, price fluctuations of Nagarmotha dry roots in various markets. For instance, in 2010, Katni recorded the lowest price at Rs.1380/- per qtl. while Shivpuri registered the highest at Rs.1840/- per qtl. Over the years, a general trend of price increases was observed across most markets. By 2014, substantial increase were evident, with prices reaching their peak. In Katni price escalated to Rs.2680/- per qtl, Dhamtari to Rs.3040/- per qtl, Mandla to Rs.2690/- per qtl. Shivpuri to Rs.3290/- per qtl, and Sheopur to Rs.3230/- per qtl.
Table 1: Statistical analysis of wholesale prices of Nagarmotha dry root at different market levels (2010-15). (Rs./qtl)
|
Year |
Katni |
Dhamtari |
Mandla |
Shivpuri |
Sheopur |
|
2010 |
1380 |
1600 |
1580 |
1840 |
1690 |
|
2011 |
1550 |
2000 |
1740 |
2140 |
1800 |
|
2012 |
1930 |
1860 |
1630 |
2250 |
2130 |
|
2013 |
1960 |
2300 |
2250 |
2460 |
2160 |
|
2014 |
2680 |
3040 |
2690 |
3290 |
3230 |
|
Mean |
1900 |
2160 |
1978 |
2396 |
2202 |
|
SD |
501 |
553 |
479 |
548 |
610 |
|
CV |
26.4 |
25.6 |
24.2 |
22.9 |
27.7 |
Table 2 presents statistical analysis of Nagarmotha dry root prices across various markets from 2015 to 2021. In Katni, the prices started at Rs.2340/- per qtl in 2015 and steadily increased over the years, reaching Rs.4010/- per qtl in 2021. Dhamtari began at Rs.2680/- per qtl in 2015, fluctuated, and peaked at Rs.5060/- per qtl in 2021. Mandla commenced at Rs.2590/- per qtl in 2015 and followed a similar increasing trend, it wasRs.2450/- per qtl by 2021. Shivpuri price was at Rs.2690/- per qtl in 2015 and rose consistently, to Rs.4260/- per qtl in 2021. Sheopur was at Rs.2730/- per qtl in 2015 and climbed to Rs.4450/- per qtl by 2021. Overall, the prices of Nagarmotha dry root experienced an upward trajectory across all markets during this five-year period, with varying rates of increase in different regions.
Table 2: Statistical analysis of prices of Nagarmotha dry root at different market levels (2015-21). (Rs./qtl)
|
Year |
Katni |
Dhamtari |
Mandla |
Shivpuri |
Sheopur |
|
2015 |
2340 |
2680 |
2590 |
2690 |
2730 |
|
2016 |
2180 |
2040 |
2280 |
2680 |
2450 |
|
2017 |
2510 |
2490 |
2460 |
2340 |
2560 |
|
2018 |
2700 |
2640 |
2900 |
2950 |
3080 |
|
2019 |
3070 |
2880 |
2900 |
2930 |
3250 |
|
2020 |
3170 |
3430 |
3430 |
3570 |
3730 |
|
2021 |
4010 |
5060 |
4250 |
4260 |
4450 |
|
Mean |
2854 |
3031 |
2973 |
3060 |
3179 |
|
SD |
501 |
553 |
479 |
548 |
610 |
|
CV |
21.9 |
32.6 |
22.7 |
21.2 |
22.4 |
Mean prices of Nagarmotha dry roots across different markets during two distinct periods from 2010 to 2014 and 2015 to 2021 were compared. In the first period (2010-2014), the mean prices were relatively lower, with Katni averaging at Rs.1900/- per qtl, Dhamtari at Rs.2160/- per qtl, Mandla at Rs.1978/- per qtl, Shivpuri at Rs.2396/- per qtl, and Sheopur at Rs.2202/- per qtl. However, in the subsequent period (2015-2021), there was a notable increase in mean prices across all markets. Katni surged to an average of Rs.2854/- per qtl, Dhamtari to Rs.3031/- per qtl, Mandla to Rs.2973/- per qtl, Shivpuri to Rs.3060/- per qtl, and Sheopur to Rs.3179/- per qtl.
The standard deviation values representing the variability or spread of Nagarmotha dry root prices in different markets in the years 2010 to 2014 and 2015 to 2021 was taken. In the earlier period (2010-2014), the standard deviation values were 501 for Katni, 553 for Dhamtari, 479 for Mandla, 548 for Shivpuri, and 610 for Sheopur. Similarly, in the subsequent period (2015-2021), these values remain consistent at 501 for Katni, 553 for Dhamtari, 479 for Mandla, 548 for Shivpuri, and 610 for Sheopur.
The coefficient of variation for Nagarmotha dry root in the period (2010-2014), Katni and Dhamtari revealed moderate variability, with coefficients of 26.4 and 25.6, respectively, while Mandla displayed slightly lower variability at 24.2. Shivpuri exhibited even less variability at 22.9, but Sheopur stood out with a higher variability at 27.7. Contrastingly, in the later period (2015-2021), Katni variability decreased to 21.9, indicating more stability in prices relative to their mean. However, Dhamtari saw a notable increase in variability, reaching 32.6, signifying a higher fluctuation in prices compared to their mean. In Mandla, variability remained relatively consistent at 22.7, while in Shivpuri slightly decreased to 21.2. Sheopur maintained a similar level of variability at 22.4. These fluctuations in coefficients of variation highlight shifting patterns in price stability across different markets over the two time periods, reflecting changes in relative price variability concerning their mean values.
Fig. 1: Price movement and trend of Nagarmotha (Cyperus scariosus) in regional market Katni (M.P.) and Dhamtari (C.G.)
Fig. 2: Price movement and trend of Nagarmotha (Cyperus scariosus) in district market Mandla (M.P)
Fig. 3: Price movement and trend of Nagarmotha (Cyperus scariosus) in district market Shivpuri and Sheopur (M.P)
Price growth rate:
The table 3 illustrates the annual changes in Nagarmotha dry root prices across five distinct markets from 2010 to 2021. Each row represents the price change in a specific market for a given year. The data reflects varied price fluctuations over the years. For instance, in Katni, the prices experienced a mix of positive and negative changes, with the overall cumulative change reaching 191% over the entire period. Dhamtari saw consistent positive changes, accumulating to 216%, indicating a steadier upward trend. Mandla exhibited fluctuating changes, with an overall cumulative change of 169%. Shivpuri experienced relatively lower price changes but showed a consistent pattern, accumulating a total change of 132%. Sheopur showcased varied changes, resulting in an overall cumulative change of 163%. This data highlights the diverse price movements across these markets over the 11-year period, reflecting the volatility and trends in Nagarmotha dry root prices over time.
Table 3: Annual prices changes in Nagarmotha dry root
|
Year |
Katni |
Dhamtari |
Mandla |
Shivpuri |
Sheopur |
|
2010-2011 |
12 |
25 |
10 |
16 |
7 |
|
2011-2012 |
25 |
-7 |
-6 |
5 |
18 |
|
2012-2013 |
2 |
24 |
38 |
9 |
1 |
|
2013-2014 |
37 |
32 |
20 |
34 |
50 |
|
2014-2015 |
-13 |
-12 |
-4 |
-18 |
-15 |
|
2015-2016 |
-7 |
-24 |
-12 |
0 |
-10 |
|
2016-2017 |
15 |
22 |
8 |
-13 |
4 |
|
2017-2018 |
8 |
6 |
18 |
26 |
20 |
|
2018-2019 |
14 |
9 |
0 |
-1 |
6 |
|
2019-2020 |
3 |
19 |
18 |
22 |
15 |
|
2020-2021 |
26 |
48 |
24 |
19 |
19 |
|
2010-2021 |
191 |
216 |
169 |
132 |
163 |
CONCLUSION:
The comprehensive analysis of Nagarmotha dry root prices across multiple markets over two distinct periods, 2010-2014 and 2015-2021, reveals various observations in price fluctuations and market variability. Across both periods, a consistent upward trajectory in prices is evident in all markets studied, showing a general trend of price increase. However, examining mean prices unveils significant variations between the two periods, with a notable increase observed in the latter period. This rise in mean prices across all markets indicates a broad shift in the demand for Nagarmotha dry roots over time, possibly influenced by market forces, changing consumer preferences, or supply chain dynamics. The main use of Nagarmotha oil is as a base oil for the perfume industry in Kannauj, U.P. while due to unsustainable harvesting in river banks depletion has been noted in many areas. While the demand is stable, the supply side is uncertain.
The exploration of standard deviation values provides insights into the variability or spread of Nagarmotha dry root prices within each market. Remarkably, standard deviation values remain consistent between the two periods for each market, suggesting a degree of stability in the spread of prices despite the overall upward trend. However, analyzing coefficients of variation uncovers changes in price stability relative to the mean. While some markets, like Katni, exhibit decreased variability in the latter period, others, notably Dhamtari, showcase increased variability, indicating fluctuating price patterns relative to their mean values. These shifts in coefficients of variation underscore evolving patterns in price stability across markets over time, reflecting changing levels of price variability concerning their mean values.
The annual changes in Nagarmotha dry root prices across distinct markets from 2010 to 2021 further highlight the diverse and sometimes erratic nature of price movements perhaps due to demand supply situation. Markets display varied patterns, from consistent positive changes seen in Dhamtari to mixed fluctuations observed in Katni and Mandla. This variability in annual price changes emphasizes the volatility and trends present in Nagarmotha dry root prices over the 11-year period, indicating the complex interplay of factors influencing markets and price fluctuations within each market studied.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The authors acknowledge with thanks funding support received from Madhya Pradesh State Minor Forest Produce (Trade and Development), Cooperative Federation, Bhopal in two phases for project on Marketing Information Service for medicinal plants from 2011 to 2016 and from 2018 to 2021 from which price data of the species was generated.
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Received on 17.07.2024 Revised on 16.08.2024 Accepted on 05.09.2024 Published on 17.12.2024 Available online on December 23, 2024 Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2024; 14(4):369-373. DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2024.00058 ©Asian Pharma Press All Right Reserved
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